Results for 'D. Catherine Brown'

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  1. Jean Gerson D. Catherine Brown.D. Catherine Brown - 1997 - In Jill Kraye (ed.), Cambridge translations of Renaissance philosophical texts. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3.
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  2.  6
    The Concept of Woman, Vol. 2: The Early Humanist Reformation, 1250–1500. [REVIEW]Catherine Brown Tkacz - 2003 - Review of Metaphysics 57 (1):135-136.
    This volume is as substantial in content as it is in heft. The sequel to the author’s The Concept of Woman: The Aristotelian Revolution, 750 BC – 1250 AD, the present book continues the ambitious project of analyzing texts that treat the concept of woman using philosophical reasoning or sense-evidence to defend an argument. Ultimately, the goal is to bring the analysis through 2000 A.D. The use of many texts and genres across several centuries to recover information about women also (...)
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  3.  12
    D. Catherine brown.Jean Gerson - 1997 - In Jill Kraye (ed.), Cambridge translations of Renaissance philosophical texts. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 2--1.
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  4.  48
    Reuniting philosophy and science to advance cancer research.Thomas Pradeu, Bertrand Daignan-Fornier, Andrew Ewald, Pierre-Luc Germain, Samir Okasha, Anya Plutynski, Sébastien Benzekry, Marta Bertolaso, Mina Bissell, Joel S. Brown, Benjamin Chin-Yee, Ian Chin-Yee, Hans Clevers, Laurent Cognet, Marie Darrason, Emmanuel Farge, Jean Feunteun, Jérôme Galon, Elodie Giroux, Sara Green, Fridolin Gross, Fanny Jaulin, Rob Knight, Ezio Laconi, Nicolas Larmonier, Carlo Maley, Alberto Mantovani, Violaine Moreau, Pierre Nassoy, Elena Rondeau, David Santamaria, Catherine M. Sawai, Andrei Seluanov, Gregory D. Sepich-Poore, Vanja Sisirak, Eric Solary, Sarah Yvonnet & Lucie Laplane - 2023 - Biological Reviews 98 (5):1668-1686.
    Cancers rely on multiple, heterogeneous processes at different scales, pertaining to many biomedical fields. Therefore, understanding cancer is necessarily an interdisciplinary task that requires placing specialised experimental and clinical research into a broader conceptual, theoretical, and methodological framework. Without such a framework, oncology will collect piecemeal results, with scant dialogue between the different scientific communities studying cancer. We argue that one important way forward in service of a more successful dialogue is through greater integration of applied sciences (experimental and clinical) (...)
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  5.  42
    David M. Adams, Ph. D., is Professor of Philosophy at California State Poly-technic University, Pomona. Akira Akabayashi, MD, Ph. D., is Professor in the School of Public Health at Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. [REVIEW]M. L. S. Bette Anton, DeWitt C. Baldwin Jr, Catherine Belling, Patricia Benner, Alister Browne, Devra S. Cohen & Jack Coulehan - 2003 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 12:1-3.
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  6.  12
    Think again: the role of reappraisal in reducing negative valence bias.Maital Neta, Nicholas R. Harp, Tien T. Tong, Claudia J. Clinchard, Catherine C. Brown, James J. Gross & Andero Uusberg - 2023 - Cognition and Emotion 37 (2):238-253.
    Stimuli such as surprised faces are ambiguous in that they are associated with both positive and negative outcomes. Interestingly, people differ reliably in whether they evaluate these and other ambiguous stimuli as positive or negative, and we have argued that a positive evaluation relies in part on a biasing of the appraisal processes via reappraisal. To further test this idea, we conducted two studies to evaluate whether increasing the cognitive accessibility of reappraisal through a brief emotion regulation task would lead (...)
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  7.  12
    Politesse et gestion Des faces dans deux types de situations communicatives: Petits commerces et débats électoraux: Cortesía Y gestión de la imagen en dos tipos de situaciones comunicativas: Comercios locales Y debates electorales.Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni - 2014 - Pragmática Sociocultural 2 (2):293-326.
    Résumé L’objectif de cet article est à la fois théorique et descriptif: il s’agit de mettre à l’épreuve le modèle de la politesse comme face work élaboré par Brown et Levinson en le confrontant à deux types bien différents d’interactions authentiques se déroulant en France, les échanges commerciaux d’une part et les débats politico-médiatiques de l’autre. Après avoir proposé un certain nombre d’aménagements au modèle “standard”, on appliquera ces notions et catégories au double corpus d’analyse. La confrontation montre à (...)
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  8. Women a types of Christ: Susanna and Jephthah's daughter.Catherine Brown Tkacz - 2004 - Gregorianum 85 (2):278-311.
     
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  9.  1
    Deaconesses and Ritual Impurity.Catherine Brown Tkacz - 2024 - Nova et Vetera 22 (1):187-214.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Deaconesses and Ritual ImpurityCatherine Brown TkaczCultural diversity underlies the differences between deaconesses of the East and of the West.1 In the West, women were recognized by their faith as able to catechize others and to assist women at baptism; in some parts of the East, only a deaconess could take these roles. Again, only in some areas of the East, women at certain times were not permitted to (...)
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  10.  54
    Susanna and the pre-Christian book of Daniel: Structure and meaning.Catherine Brown Tkacz - 2008 - Heythrop Journal 49 (2):181–196.
    The structure of the pre‐Christian book of Daniel as newly edited in Palestine in the first century B.C. is coherent, often symmetrical, and meaningful and was the version used by Jesus and the early Christians. Origen's and Jerome's reordering of the fourteen‐chapter book in conformity with the extant Hebrew, however, vitiated that structure. Susanna's account opened the pre‐Christian Palestinian version. That account inaugurates the themes of wisdom and judgment and provides the restoration of right order within the community in exile, (...)
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  11.  11
    ‘The Honour of the Mind’: Intellectual Integrity in Scholarly Research.Catherine Brown Tkacz - 2018 - New Blackfriars 99 (1084):693-710.
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  12.  56
    Anne Conway. [REVIEW]Catherine Brown Tkacz - 2006 - Review of Metaphysics 59 (3):645-646.
    In an age when women were not formally admitted to Cambridge, Conway was tutored by mail by Henry More, who had also taught her half-brother John Finch. Her notebooks, now lost, were published post-humously in 1690 in Latin translation by men who respected her and who with self-effacement introduced her work without mentioning their own names. Conway proposed replacing the doctrine of the Trinity with a metaphysical metaphor in which God is the Creator, Christ is mediating “Middle Nature,” and the (...)
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  13.  26
    Allen, Prudence, R.S.M. The Concept of Woman, Vol. 2: The Early Humanist Reformation, 1250-1500. [REVIEW]Catherine Brown Tkacz - 2003 - Review of Metaphysics 57 (1):135-136.
  14. Feminism, Sexuality, and the Return of Religion.Linda Martín Alcoff & John D. Caputo (eds.) - 2011 - Indiana University Press.
    Feminist theory and reflections on sexuality and gender rarely make contact with contemporary continental philosophy of religion. Where they all come together, creative and transformative thinking occurs. In Feminism, Sexuality, and the Return of Religion, internationally recognized scholars tackle complicated questions provoked by the often stormy intersection of these powerful forces. The essays in this book break down barriers as they extend the richness of each philosophical tradition. They discuss topics such as queer sexuality and religion, feminism and the gift, (...)
     
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  15. The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, vol. 8, 1860.Frederick Burkhardt, D. M. Porter, Janet Browne & Marsha Richmond - 1995 - Annals of Science 52 (5):509.
     
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  16.  20
    Pragmatism, principles, and protection.D. Micah Hester, Joseph Brown & Toby Schonfeld - 2008 - American Journal of Bioethics 8 (4):32 – 34.
    In the target article, Brendel and Miller (2008) attempt to bring pragmatic insights to bear on research ethics through the approach called freestanding pragmatism that John Arras (2001) brought sq...
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  17.  9
    Testing an active intervention to deter researchers’ use of questionable research practices.R. Didlake, D. F. Sacco, M. Brown & S. V. Bruton - 2019 - Research Integrity and Peer Review 4 (1).
    IntroductionIn this study, we tested a simple, active “ethical consistency” intervention aimed at reducing researchers’ endorsement of questionable research practices (QRPs).MethodsWe developed a simple, active ethical consistency intervention and tested it against a control using an established QRP survey instrument. Before responding to a survey that asked about attitudes towards each of fifteen QRPs, participants were randomly assigned to either a consistency or control 3–5-min writing task. A total of 201 participants completed the survey: 121 participants were recruited from a (...)
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  18. Denis, P. St., 29 Ferreira, F., 165 Foulks, F., 235 Fuhrmann, A., 559 Guelev, DP, 575.L. Åqvist, R. Bradley, D. S. Bridges, B. Brown, D. DeVidi, C. Oakes, M. Pagnucco, G. Priest & P. la ReedRoeper - 1999 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 28 (663).
     
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  19.  17
    The fatigue hardening and softening of copper containing silica particles.W. M. Stobbs, D. F. Watt & L. M. Brown - 1971 - Philosophical Magazine 23 (185):1169-1184.
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  20.  92
    Propositions are not representational.Thomas D. Brown - 2021 - Synthese (1-2):1-16.
    It is often presumed by those who use propositions in their theories that propositions are representational; that is, that propositions represent the world as being some way. This paper makes two claims against this presumption. First, it argues that it does not follow from the fact that propositions play the theoretical roles usually attributed to them that they are representational. This conclusion is reached by rebutting three arguments that can be made in support of the claim that propositions are representational. (...)
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  21. A New Semantics for Vagueness.Joshua D. K. Brown & James W. Garson - 2017 - Erkenntnis 82 (1):65-85.
    Intuitively, vagueness involves some sort of indeterminacy: if Plato is a borderline case of baldness, then there is no fact of the matter about whether or not he’s bald—he’s neither bald nor not bald. The leading formal treatments of such indeterminacy—three valued logic, supervaluationism, etc.—either fail to validate the classical theorems, or require that various classically valid inference rules be restricted. Here we show how a fully classical, yet indeterminist account of vagueness can be given within natural semantics, an alternative (...)
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  22. Toward inclusive science education: University scientists' views of students, instructional practices, and the nature of science.Julie A. Bianchini, David J. Whitney, Therese D. Breton & Bryan A. Hilton‐Brown - 2002 - Science Education 86 (1):42-78.
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  23.  15
    Data feminism.Catherine D'Ignazio - 2020 - Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. Edited by Lauren F. Klein.
    We have seen through many examples that data science and artificial intelligence can reinforce structural inequalities like sexism and racism. Data is power, and that power is distributed unequally. This book offers a vision for a feminist data science that can challenge power and work towards justice. This book takes a stand against a world that benefits some (including the authors, two white women) at the expense of others. It seeks to provide concrete steps for data scientists seeking to learn (...)
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  24.  6
    In Ireland We ‘Love Both’? Heteroactivism in Ireland’s Anti-Repeal Ephemera.Catherine Jean Nash & Kath Browne - 2020 - Feminist Review 124 (1):51-67.
    Resistances to sexual and gender rights are shifting and need new theorisations. This article develops the analytical concept of heteroactivism by exploring its relation to abortion debates in Ireland. Heteroactivism as an analytical category examines resistances to sexual and gender rights that seek to reiterate the place of the heteronormative family (both in terms of gender norms and heterosexuality) through activisms that can stand against new legislative orders. The article investigates three texts to explore how the ‘Vote No’ campaign in (...)
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  25. Conscious and nonconscious discrimination of facial expressions.Catherine M. Herba, Maike Heining, Andrew W. Young, Michael Browning, Philip J. Benson, Mary L. Phillips & Jeffrey A. Gray - 2007 - Visual Cognition 15 (1):36-47.
  26. More on Self-Enslavement and Paternalism in Mill: D. G. Brown.D. G. Brown - 1989 - Utilitas 1 (1):144-150.
  27. Knowing How and Knowing That, What.D. G. Brown - 1970 - In Oscar P. Wood & George Pitcher (eds.), Ryle. London,: Macmillan.
     
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  28.  44
    Mill on the Harm in Not Voting: D. G. Brown.D. G. Brown - 2010 - Utilitas 22 (2):126-133.
    Christopher Miles Coope offers a letter, drafted by Helen Taylor but certified by Mill, in which Mill asserts the duty to vote, as evidence that he could not have regarded harmfulness to others as a necessary condition of moral wrongness. But it is clear that Mill regarded the duty to vote as one of imperfect obligation, and the wrongness of not fulfilling it as a matter roughly of not doing enough, in this case not doing one's fair share. He has (...)
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  29.  6
    Psychology without foundations: history, philosophy and psychosocial theory.Steven D. Brown - 2009 - Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. Edited by Paul Stenner.
    This new book proposes a way out of the crisis by letting go of the idea that psychology needs ‘new’ foundations or a new identity, whether biological, discursive, or cognitive. The psychological is not narrowly confined to any one aspect of human experience; it is quite literally ‘everywhere’. Drawing on a range of influential thinkers including Michel Serres, Michel Foucault, AN Whitehead, and Gilles Deleuze, the book proposes a strong process-oriented approach to the psychological, which studies ‘events’ or ‘occasions.’.
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  30.  16
    TRPM1: The endpoint of the mGluR6 signal transduction cascade in retinal ON‐bipolar cells.Catherine W. Morgans, Ronald Lane Brown & Robert M. Duvoisin - 2010 - Bioessays 32 (7):609-614.
    For almost 30 years the ion channel that initiates the ON visual pathway in vertebrate vision has remained elusive. Recent findings now indicate that the pathway, which begins with unbinding of glutamate from the metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6), ends with the opening of the transient receptor potential (TRP)M1 cation channel. As a component of the mGluR6 signal transduction pathway, mutations in TRPM1 would be expected to cause congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB), and several such mutations have already been identified (...)
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  31. Stove's Reading of Mill: D. G. Brown.D. G. Brown - 1998 - Utilitas 10 (1):122-126.
  32.  26
    The Bounds of Cognition. [REVIEW]D. Browne - 2009 - Analysis 69 (2):385-386.
    Tools and technologies expand our capacities, including our cognitive capacities. Microscopes extend our perceptual capacities. Notebooks extend the natural limits of memory. These facts are important, for all that they are obvious. The extended cognition hypothesis wants more. Some external devices and processes are literal parts of cognitive processes themselves. When there is fast and reliable access to external data or processes, then the cognitive processes that occur uncontroversially inside the brain literally and controversially extend out into the world to (...)
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  33.  61
    Mindfulness starts with the body: somatosensory attention and top-down modulation of cortical alpha rhythms in mindfulness meditation.Catherine E. Kerr, Matthew D. Sacchet, Sara W. Lazar, Christopher I. Moore & Stephanie R. Jones - 2013 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7.
  34.  11
    Community Perspectives of Complex Trauma Assessment for Aboriginal Parents: ‘Its Important, but How These Discussions Are Held Is Critical’.Catherine Chamberlain, Graham Gee, Deirdre Gartland, Fiona K. Mensah, Sarah Mares, Yvonne Clark, Naomi Ralph, Caroline Atkinson, Tanja Hirvonen, Helen McLachlan, Tahnia Edwards, Helen Herrman, Stephanie J. Brown & and Jan M. Nicholson - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
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  35.  25
    The chronological organisation of memory.Gordon D. A. Brown & Nick Chater - 2001 - In Christoph Hoerl & Teresa McCormack (eds.), Time and memory: issues in philosophy and psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
  36.  41
    Interrogating Feature Learning Models to Discover Insights Into the Development of Human Expertise in a Real‐Time, Dynamic Decision‐Making Task.Catherine Sibert, Wayne D. Gray & John K. Lindstedt - 2017 - Topics in Cognitive Science 9 (2):374-394.
    Tetris provides a difficult, dynamic task environment within which some people are novices and others, after years of work and practice, become extreme experts. Here we study two core skills; namely, choosing the goal or objective function that will maximize performance and a feature-based analysis of the current game board to determine where to place the currently falling zoid so as to maximize the goal. In Study 1, we build cross-entropy reinforcement learning models to determine whether different goals result in (...)
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  37.  33
    Eliminating Categorical Exclusion Criteria in Crisis Standards of Care Frameworks.Catherine L. Auriemma, Ashli M. Molinero, Amy J. Houtrow, Govind Persad, Douglas B. White & Scott D. Halpern - 2020 - American Journal of Bioethics 20 (7):28-36.
    During public health crises including the COVID-19 pandemic, resource scarcity and contagion risks may require health systems to shift—to some degree—from a usual clinical ethic, focused on the well-being of individual patients, to a public health ethic, focused on population health. Many triage policies exist that fall under the legal protections afforded by “crisis standards of care,” but they have key differences. We critically appraise one of the most fundamental differences among policies, namely the use of criteria to categorically exclude (...)
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  38.  39
    Interrogating Feature Learning Models to Discover Insights Into the Development of Human Expertise in a Real‐Time, Dynamic Decision‐Making Task.Catherine Sibert, Wayne D. Gray & John K. Lindstedt - 2016 - Topics in Cognitive Science 8 (4).
    Tetris provides a difficult, dynamic task environment within which some people are novices and others, after years of work and practice, become extreme experts. Here we study two core skills; namely, choosing the goal or objective function that will maximize performance and a feature-based analysis of the current game board to determine where to place the currently falling zoid so as to maximize the goal. In Study 1, we build cross-entropy reinforcement learning models to determine whether different goals result in (...)
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  39.  12
    Scrutinizing patterns of solution times in alphabet-arithmetic tasks favors counting over retrieval models.Catherine Thevenot, Jasinta D. M. Dewi, Jeanne Bagnoud, Kim Uittenhove & Caroline Castel - 2020 - Cognition 200 (C):104272.
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  40.  52
    Parents’ attitudes toward consent and data sharing in biobanks: A multisite experimental survey.Armand H. Matheny Antommaria, Kyle B. Brothers, John A. Myers, Yana B. Feygin, Sharon A. Aufox, Murray H. Brilliant, Pat Conway, Stephanie M. Fullerton, Nanibaa’ A. Garrison, Carol R. Horowitz, Gail P. Jarvik, Rongling Li, Evette J. Ludman, Catherine A. McCarty, Jennifer B. McCormick, Nathaniel D. Mercaldo, Melanie F. Myers, Saskia C. Sanderson, Martha J. Shrubsole, Jonathan S. Schildcrout, Janet L. Williams, Maureen E. Smith, Ellen Wright Clayton & Ingrid A. Holm - 2018 - AJOB Empirical Bioethics 9 (3):128-142.
    Background: The factors influencing parents’ willingness to enroll their children in biobanks are poorly understood. This study sought to assess parents’ willingness to enroll their children, and their perceived benefits, concerns, and information needs under different consent and data-sharing scenarios, and to identify factors associated with willingness. Methods: This large, experimental survey of patients at the 11 eMERGE Network sites used a disproportionate stratified sampling scheme to enrich the sample with historically underrepresented groups. Participants were randomized to receive one of (...)
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  41.  10
    Photographic manipulation in the health, clinical and biomedical sciences.Catherine Schneider, Sydney Hoffmann & Graham D. Rowles - 2019 - Philosophy of Photography 10 (1):59-71.
    Photography has become a pervasive component of contemporary communication. Recent technological advances in creating and manipulating images have provided renewed impetus to decades-long debates on use of photographs in science. With increase in the potential for inappropriate image manipulation, fears about misrepresentation have heightened concern among journal editors and scholars about the 'accuracy' of published images. We discuss how science has responded to growing concerns surrounding falsification and inaccuracy of photography. We document progress in implementing a variety of complementary approaches (...)
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  42.  20
    Conflict as a function of food-deprivation time during approach training, avoidance training, and conflict tests.Judson S. Brown, D. Chris Anderson & Conrad S. Brown - 1966 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 72 (3):390.
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  43.  38
    Proportionality and Just War.Gary D. Brown - 2003 - Journal of Military Ethics 2 (3):171-185.
    Despite its preeminent position in the just war tradition, the concept of proportionality is not well understood by military leaders. Especially lacking is a realization that there are four distinct types of proportionality. In determining whether a particular resort to war is just, national leaders must consider the proportionality of the conflict, i.e., balance the expected gain or just redress against the total harm likely to be inflicted by the impending armed action. This proportionality consideration is called jus ad bellum (...)
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  44.  24
    Neuroanatomical substrates for the volitional regulation of heart rate.Catherine L. Jones, Ludovico Minati, Yoko Nagai, Nick Medford, Neil A. Harrison, Marcus Gray, Jamie Ward & Hugo D. Critchley - 2015 - Frontiers in Psychology 6.
  45.  27
    An Unconventional History of Western Philosophy: Conversations Between Men and Women Philosophers.Therese Boos Dykeman, Eve Browning, Judith Chelius Stark, Jane Duran, Marilyn Fischer, Lois Frankel, Edward Fullbrook, Jo Ellen Jacobs, Vicki Harper, Joy Laine, Kate Lindemann, Elizabeth Minnich, Andrea Nye, Margaret Simons, Audun Solli, Catherine Villanueva Gardner, Mary Ellen Waithe, Karen J. Warren & Henry West (eds.) - 2008 - Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
    This is a unique, groundbreaking study in the history of philosophy, combining leading men and women philosophers across 2600 years of Western philosophy, covering key foundational topics, including epistemology, metaphysics, and ethics. Introductory essays, primary source readings, and commentaries comprise each chapter to offer a rich and accessible introduction to and evaluation of these vital philosophical contributions. A helpful appendix canvasses an extraordinary number of women philosophers throughout history for further discovery and study.
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  46. A sensemaking approach to ethics training for scientists: Preliminary evidence of training effectiveness.Michael D. Mumford, Shane Connelly, Ryan P. Brown, Stephen T. Murphy, Jason H. Hill, Alison L. Antes, Ethan P. Waples & Lynn D. Devenport - 2008 - Ethics and Behavior 18 (4):315 – 339.
    In recent years, we have seen a new concern with ethics training for research and development professionals. Although ethics training has become more common, the effectiveness of the training being provided is open to question. In the present effort, a new ethics training course was developed that stresses the importance of the strategies people apply to make sense of ethical problems. The effectiveness of this training was assessed in a sample of 59 doctoral students working in the biological and social (...)
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  47.  88
    Protecting Participants in Genomic Research: Understanding the “Web of Protections” Afforded by Federal and State Law.Leslie E. Wolf, Catherine M. Hammack, Erin Fuse Brown, Kathleen M. Brelsford & Laura M. Beskow - 2020 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 48 (1):126-141.
    Researchers now commonly collect biospecimens for genomic analysis together with information from mobile devices and electronic health records. This rich combination of data creates new opportunities for understanding and addressing important health issues, but also intensifies challenges to privacy and confidentiality. Here, we elucidate the “web” of legal protections for precision medicine research by integrating findings from qualitative interviews with structured legal research and applying them to realistic research scenarios involving various privacy threats.
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  48.  39
    A Sensemaking Approach to Ethics Training for Scientists: Preliminary Evidence of Training Effectiveness.M. D. Mumford, S. Connelly, R. P. Brown, S. T. Murphy, J. H. Hill, A. L. Antes, E. P. Waples & L. D. Devenport - 2008 - Ethics and Behavior 18 (4):315-339.
    In recent years, we have seen a new concern with ethics training for research and development professionals. Although ethics training has become more common, the effectiveness of the training being provided is open to question. In the present effort, a new ethics training course was developed that stresses the importance of the strategies people apply to make sense of ethical problems. The effectiveness of this training was assessed in a sample of 59 doctoral students working in the biological and social (...)
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  49.  12
    The Collected Dialogues of Plato, Including the Letters.Catherine D. Rau, Edith Hamilton & Huntington Cairns - 1962 - Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 21 (2):234.
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  50.  89
    Articles: Validation of ethical decision making measures: Evidence for a new set of measures.Michael D. Mumford, Lynn D. Devenport, Ryan P. Brown, Shane Connelly, Stephen T. Murphy, Jason H. Hill & Alison L. Antes - 2006 - Ethics and Behavior 16 (4):319 – 345.
    Ethical decision making measures are widely applied as the principal dependent variable used in studies of research integrity. However, evidence bearing on the internal and external validity of these measures is not available. In this study, ethical decision making measures were administered to 102 graduate students in the biological, health, and social sciences, along with measures examining exposure to ethical breaches and the severity of punishments recommended. The ethical decision making measure was found to be related to exposure to ethical (...)
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